ABSTRACT Falls are common among persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). On the other hand, predicting falls is complex as there are both generic and PD-specific contributors. In particular, the role of non-motor symptoms has been less studied. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the role of non-motor predictors of falling in persons with PD (PwP). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in PwP recruited from a movement disorders clinic. Clinical and demographical data were collected. All PwP were assessed using the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). Variables were assessed at the bivariate level. Significant variables were put into a logistic regression model. Results: A total of 179 PwP were included. Overall, 16.8% of PwP had fallen in the past 12 months, with 53.3% of them being recurrent fallers. The mean number of monthly falls was 2.5 ± 3.3. Factors associated with falling in the bivariate analysis included the disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS part I and II, postural instability/gait disturbance (PIGD) subtype, NMSS urinary domain, NMSS miscellaneous domain, and non-motor severity burden (all p-values < 0.05). After multivariate analysis, only the disease duration (p = 0.03) and PIGD (p = 0.03) remained as independent risk factors. Conclusion: Disease duration and the PIGD subtype were identified as relevant risk factors for falls in PwP Non-motor symptoms appear to have a less important role as risk factors for falls.

RESUMEN Las caídas son frecuentes entre las personas con Parkinson (EP). La predicción de caídas es compleja ya que existen contribuyentes genéricos y específicos. El papel de los síntomas no motores ha sido menos estudiado. Objetivo: Identificar el papel de los factores no motores en caídas en personas con EP (PcP). Métodos: Estudio transversal en PcP reclutadas en una clínica de trastornos del movimiento. Se incluyeron datos clínicos y demográficos. Todos los PcP se evaluaron con la Escala Unificada de Enfermedad de Parkinson modificada por la Sociedad Internacional de Trastornos del Movimiento (MDS-UPDRS) y la Escala de Síntomas No Motores (NMSS). Se incluyeron variables significativas en un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 179 PcP El 16.8% había presentado una caída en los últimos doce meses y el 53.3% de forma recurrente. El número medio de caídas mensuales fue de 2.5 ± 3.3. Los factores asociados con la caída en el análisis bivariado fueron la duración de la enfermedad, Hoehn e Yahr, MDS-UPDRS parte I y II, subtipo de alteración de la marcha/inestabilidad postural (PIGD), dominio urinario del NMSS, dominio misceláneo del NMSS y carga de severidad no motora (todos los valores de p < 0.05). Después del análisis multivariado, solo la duración de la enfermedad (p = 0.03) y PIGD (p = 0.03) permanecieron como un factor de riesgo independiente. Conclusión: La duración de la enfermedad y PIGD se identificaron como factores de riesgo para caídas. Los síntomas no motores parecen tener un papel menos relevante en las caídas.

Cannabis (marijuana) is one of the most consumed psychoactive substances in the world. The term marijuana is of Mexican origin. The primary cannabinoids that have been studied to date include cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which is responsible for most cannabis physical and psychotropic effects. Recently, the endocannabinoid system was discovered, which is made up of receptors, ligands and enzymes that are widely expressed in the brain and its periphery, where they act to maintain balance in several homeostatic processes. Exogenous cannabinoids or naturally-occurring phytocannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system. Marijuana must be processed in a laboratory to extract tetrahydrocannabinol and leave cannabidiol, which is the product that can be marketed. Some studies suggest cannabidiol has great potential for therapeutic use as an agent with antiepileptic, analgesic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties; however, the findings on cannabinoids efficacy and cannabis-based medications tolerability-safety for some conditions are inconsistent. More scientific evidence is required in order to generate recommendations on the use of medicinal cannabis.

Background Familial Parkinson's is a variant of Parkinson's disease (PD) transmitted generationally with an early onset. Objective. Describe the clinical disease characteristics and its 18 year evolution among families in Colima presenting familial PD. Materials and methods. We determined disease diagnosis, evolution and hereditary pattern. The UPDRS system was used to follow the longitudinal course of the disease. Descriptive statistics were carried out using means and percentages. Results. Three families were studied with a total of 51 subjects aged 29 ± 22 years spanning 4 generations. Thirty-seven percent of studied subjects displayed familia PD, with disease onset at 24 ± 9 years of age. The highest UPDRS value was 175. Disease transmission with a dominant autosomic heredity pattern was shown. One hundred percent offirst and second generation members from family number 1 displayed the disease. Conclusions. The three families displayed early onset PD and rapid progression, coinciding with described characteristics of type 1 familial Parkinsonism (PARK1). This disease is caused by the Ala53Thr mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene.

Antecedentes. El parkinsonismo autosómico dominante es una variante de la enfermedad de Parkinson que se transmite por generaciones, manifestándose en edades tempranas. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas de la enfermedad en familias de Colima con parkinsonismo autosómico dominante y su evolución a través de 18 años. Material y métodos. Se determinó el diagnóstico, evolución y patrón de herencia de la enfermedad. Para seguir su curso longitudinal se utilizó el sistema Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Se realizó estadística descriptiva con media y porcentajes. Resultados. Se estudiaron tres familias, un total de 51 individuos en 4 generaciones, de 29 ± 22 años, con Parkinsonismo familiar en 37% e inicio de la enfermedad a los 24 ± 9 años. La mayor calificación de UPDRS fue de 175. Se demostró transmisión de la enfermedad con patrón de herencia autosómica dominante. En la familia No. 1 se presentó en 100% de los integrantes de la primera y segunda generación. Conclusiones. Las tres familias tienen inicio temprano y rápida progresión de la enfermedad coincidiendo con las características descritas del parkinsonismo familiar tipo 1 (PARK1), originada por la mutación Ala53Thr en el gen de la alfa-sinucleína.